Türkiye kıyı sularında yüzme suyu kalitesinin jeoistatistiksel analizi.

In this study geostatistical methods were applied to critically analyze historical bathing water quality (BWQ) data available for Turkish coastal areas. The specific objective of this study is the determination of the critical bathing sites of Turkey. In order to determine the critical bathing sites, a geostatistical method called indicator kriging is used via ArcGIS. Indicator kriging was applied using three microbial BWQ parameters, namely total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) and threshold values set to the guideline concentrations given in the Turkish Bathing Water Quality Control Regulation (Official Gazette Notice 26048, 2006). The thresholds were 500 CFU/ 100 mL for TC and 100 CFU/100mL for both FC and FS. The critical bathing sites of each of the four coastal zones of Turkey; Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea were determined regarding different ‘critical condition’ criteria defined for each coastal zone. For Marmara and Black Sea regions, which showed worse BWQ, this criteria is defined as the “bathing sites with >90% threshold exceedance probabilities at least three times in last two analysis periods”. On the other hand, for coastal zones showing better profile this criteria is defined as “bathing sites with >70% threshold exceedance probabilities at least three times in last two analysis periods”. The analyses conducted illustrated for Marmara, Mediterranean and Black Sea regions only one bathing site is classified as in critical condition and for Aegean region no critical areas were determined.Thesis (M.S.) -- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Environmental Engineering

Tidal Title and the Boundaries of the Bay: The Case of the Submerged High Water Mark

The unique character and special public importance of lands bordering the sea have been recognized since ancient times. In the nature of things, shore lands, together with the waters which cover them (permanently or periodically), have a number of valuable uses not shared generally with inland territories. Navigation, passage, fishery, and bathing are among the particular uses of the shore or adjacent sea for which the public has traditionally received greater or lesser legal protection. However, this list is neither exclusive nor closed. For example, the recent avalanche of accretions to our stock of ecological knowledge has heightened (if not created) a general awareness of the economic importance of tidal areas as a source of ocean nutrients and as a sink for ocean pollutant

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BALTIC SEA AND GULF OF RIGA COAST BATHING WATERS

This report focuses on the studies o f the bathing water microbiological quality in Latvian coastal zone of the Baltic sea and the Gulf of Riga in May-October, 1998-1999. The microbiological studies has been done in the different coastal zones of Kurzeme and Vidzeme, downstreams o f small rivers and biggest rivers Venta and Gauja, discharges o f wastewater treatment plants and the public bathing waters in Ventspils and Saulkrasti municipality area to assess their quality according to the EU Blue Flag and Latvian National Standard criteria. The microbiological examinations were carried out in accordance with the International Standard Methods. A complex of indicatororganisms - total and thermotholerant coliforms (E.coli), streptococci, and heterotrophicplate count (37°,21°C) has been tested. Water quality in the Kurzeme has been found much better on the beaches of the Baltic sea than the most urbanised beaches of Gulf o f Riga. The quality o f the Ventspils public bathing waters has been evaluated as very good (80-100% o f data). Whereas as a result of anthropogenic load only 61-82% o f data conforms the obligatory requirements of the bathing water quality in Saulkrasti coastal zone. In the study the microbiological pollution, sources and levels of their dynamics and hydrological factors are interpreted. The colour maps o f the bathing waters quality are presented

Quality of drinking water in the Black Sea coast Dobrich

Introduction: In 2008 the Law on Protection of public interest on the Black Sea Coast came into force. For the first time with statutable restrictions a separate legal status is introduced for the sensitive area of the coastal strip. The beach boundary between the sea and the coast is a strip - exceedingly state property. Therefore marine waters and territorial sea, as well as beaches and land part are subject to health control of RHI (Regional Health Inspections).Objective: Prioritizing activities in the maritime sector in Dobrich to minimize the health risks for the population.Aim: Study of the nature- geographic features of the Black Sea coast of Dobrich and characterization of the quality of marine waters - Balchik, Albena, Kranevo, Kavarna, Rusalka, Shabla, Durankulak.Materials and methods: Monitoring of bathing waters is made under the indicators included in Ordinance № 5 quality management of bathing water (SG, issue 53 / 2008): BS EN ISO7899-1 for „intestinal enterococci` and BS EN ISO 9308-3 for „E.coli` Observed are the requirements for minimum frequency sampling, samples are taken from the designated with geographical coordinates points. GPS is used for their exact determination.Results: The characteristics of points for sampling from № 1 to № 20 2008-2013 are analyzed by: geografic location,terrain, bathing area, access to the area, characteristic of the bottom, middle depth, attendance, pollution, water sports practice, sea water temperature, rainfall, point sources of pollution.Investigated are three Black Sea municipalities: Shabla, Durankulak and Balchik. Taken and analyzed are 880 sea samples for a 6-year / 2008-2013 / period from 20 bathing areas each with one point for sampling of sea water .Non-standard samples of sea waters are found from an average 17.04%, at a highest relative percentage of 32.14% for 2011 and 31.69% for 2009. After that it has declined rapidly to 0.70% for 2012 and 4.92% for 2013.Conclusions: Deviations from health norms by indicator „Escherichia col` are found in almost all points in the period 2008 to 2011, and in the last two years/ 2012-2013/ separate deviations are found in 6 points: Durankulak North 2 over year 2013, Bozhurets-Topolain 2013, in Albena 2013, Balchik Palace 2012 and 2013, Balchik -New beach in 2013 and Robinsonin 2013

海水温浴および動水温浴が体温変動に及ぼす影響

本研究は，海水および動水が温水浴時の体温調節反応に及ばす影響を検討することを主たる目的とした。被験者は健康な成人男性6名であり，その平均の年齢，身長，体重および体脂肪率はそれぞれ33．3±2．6歳，168．8±6．3cm，69．6±11．9kgおよび16．3±4．5％であった。実験は，水温38．5℃に設定された「海水・動水」「海水・静水」「真水・動水」「真水・静水」の4条件下で20分間の入浴後，30分間の回復をとった。直腸温は，全条件とも入浴直後から一過性に上昇傾向を示し，出浴10分では潜熱現象を示したが，出浴20分からはゆるやかな下降傾向を示した。有意に直腸温を上昇させる結果を示したのは海水条件だった。平均皮膚温は，全条件とも入浴直後から一過性に上昇傾向を示し，出浴10分以内に急速に下降傾向を示し，その後はゆるやかな低下を示した。平均体温は，全条件とも入浴直後から一過性に上昇傾向を，また出浴直後には急速に下降傾向を示し，その後はゆるやかな低下を示した。他条件と比較して有意差が認められたのは，海水と動水を組み合わせた条件「海水・動水」であった。以上のように一般（真水）の温浴時と比較した場合に，直腸温を有意に上昇させるのは海水温浴，また平均体温を有意に上昇させるのは海水温浴と動水温浴の併用であった。The purpose of the present study was to compare thermal responses of the body when bathing in four different conditions ; (1) warm sea water with flow, (2) warm sea water, (3) warm fresh water with flow, (4) warm fresh water. The thermal responses were based on the examination of taking rectal, skin, and mean body temperatures at each 0, 10, 20, minutes in bathing and each 10, 20, 30 minutes in recovery on land. Six healthy men were the subjects in this experiment, and they were in average 33.3±2.6 in age, 168.8±6.3cms in height, 69.6±11.9kgs in weight, and 16.3±4.5% in body fat. The subjects bathed in warm water for 20 minutes and took recovery on land for 30 minutes respectively. The experiment was tested under water temperature at 38.5℃ during bathing. The rectal temperature increased during bathing and decreased gradually during recovery on land. Bathing in sea water with flow showed statistically significant increases of rectal temperature for the certain periods of time compared with bathing in warm fresh water and fresh water with flow. The mean skin temperature showed a continuous increase during bathing and showed a rapid decrease during the 10 minutes in recovery on land, and a gradual decrease after then. No statistically significant differences were detected in the mean skin temperature among four conditions. The mean body temperature also showed a continuous increase during bathing and showed a rapid decrease during the 10 minutes in recovery on land, and a gradual decrease after then. In bathing in sea water with flow, the mean body temperature statistically showed significant increases during bathing after 10 minutes and during recovery on land compared with bathing in warm fresh water and fresh water with flow. Bathing in warm sea water with flow showed the highest in all examined temperatures (rectal, skin and mean body temperature) followed by warm sea water, warm fresh water with flow and just warm fresh water

The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)

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